# Essential Linux Commands Every Beginner Should Know

Linux commands form the backbone of navigating and manipulating files and directories in a Linux environment. If you're just starting out with Linux, understanding these basic commands will help you feel more comfortable and efficient when working with your system.

### Listing Commands

`ls` List files and directories in the current directory

`ls -l` List in long format with extra details

`ls -a` List all files, including hidden ones

`ls *.sh` *List files with a .sh extension*

`ls -i` *List with inode index numbers*

`ls -d` / List only directories (can specify patterns)

### Creating directories is straightforward with the `mkdir` command:

`mkdir newFolder` Create a new folder 'newFolder'

`mkdir .NewFolder` Create a hidden directory (useful for configuration files)

`mkdir A B C D` Create multiple directories simultaneously

`mkdir /home/user/Mydirectory` Create a directory in a specific location

`mkdir -p A/B/C/D` Create nested directories

## File manipulation commands

`cat -n filename` View the content of a file and display line numbers

`chmod 700 filename` Change the access permissions of files to make them readable, writable, and executable by the owner only

`history | tail -n 10` Check the last 10 commands you have run

`rm -r directory_name` Remove a directory and all its contents

`echo -e "Apple\nMango\nBanana\nCherry\nKiwi\nOrange\nGuava" > fruits.txt cat fruits.txt` Create a .txt file, add content (one fruit per line), and display the content

`wc fruits.txt` Count the number of lines, words, and characters in both fruits.txt